2025 KIA CARNIVAL Electrical System Problems

What component or system failed or malfunctioned, and is it available for inspection upon request? While driving all of the lights in the car went off. Everything internal, and atleast the head lights externally. This lasted for a second or 2 before everything came back on. The screen said something about loss of something, but I don't remember what exactly. This has only happened once. Yes it can be inspected How was your safety or the safety of others put at risk? Atleast the head lights went off while driving at night. Possibly my break lights as well. Has the problem been reproduced or confirmed by a dealer or independent service center? no Has the vehicle or component been inspected by the manufacturer, police, insurance representatives or others? no Were there any warning lamps, messages or other symptoms of the problem prior to the failure, and when did they first appear? Just the message on the screen

I am submitting a safety-related complaint regarding my 2025 Kia Carnival with approximately 4,000 miles. The vehicle experienced an electronic system failure that required diagnosis by an authorized Kia dealership. The dealer has informed me that the issue is due to a failed Body Domain Controller (BDC), which must be replaced. The vehicle is currently not safe or suitable for normal operation and will remain at the dealership for at up to one week, with the possibility of a longer delay depending on parts availability. The vehicle has very low mileage and has been maintained normally. A failure of a central body control module at under 4,000 miles raises serious concerns regarding vehicle reliability, quality, and potential safety implications, as the Body Domain Controller manages multiple critical vehicle systems. Additionally, during this repair period, the dealership has provided only a Kia K5 sedan as a loaner vehicle. This is not a comparable replacement to a Kia Carnival minivan and does not adequately meet the functional needs of my household, which relies on the Carnival’s passenger and cargo capacity. While this is not a safety issue itself, it compounds the impact of the vehicle failure. I am concerned that this failure may indicate a broader defect affecting other 2025 Kia Carnival vehicles and request that NHTSA review this issue for potential investigation, recall consideration, or further monitoring.

The 12-volt battery fully discharges and leaves the vehicle inoperable ONLY when parked in my attached townhouse garage (overnight or 1–3 days). The vehicle starts and runs normally when parked elsewhere (work, airport, etc.) for the same duration. Symptoms: No warning lights prior to failure Dashboard completely dark; no power to doors, lights, or start button Requires jump-start or tow

I live in Alabama. Temperature here is 34 degrees so far in the morning. My check engine light is on. I have taken it in and had diagnostics and they can't find a code or code history. My heat and AC do not work properly if the ambient temperature on the cluster doesn't show up or is not correct. 72 degrees when it's not working right will run you out of the car it's so hot. The cluster currently says it's -15 degrees outside and has the snowflake beside it. I am scheduled bc they are booked out at the dealership to have diagnostics run on 11/14. I don't know if it is wiring, ambient temperature sensor, max air sensor, HVAC module (dealership had previously cleared water out of the module and then replaced the module, initially when they couldn't find the problem they disconnected the battery and reconnected to reset and clear the code). The dealership in Auburn Al has addressed all the issues and done all the services, updates, and trouble shooting. I'm having to run three different temps in the car and crack the windows when I need heat and AC just crack the windows and adjust the three temps again. I feel like I'm just getting a quick fix each time I go instead of the problem being resolved for good. This has been an ongoing issue especially when the temperature changes (seasons) or fluctuates (throughout the day). I've listed below the most recent start date. I would have to contact that dealership to get the exact timeframe that it ALL started.

12V battery drains if the car is left unused for more than 3-4 days. Car needs to be jumped to start it up again. The issue occurred in August and I jumped it first time. It started happening again September and had a service appointment with Kia. They hard reset the software but the issue occured again every time I left the car unused for more than 3-4 days.

I was driving about 6:30ish in the morning and my whole dashboard went black and my head lights turned off couple seconds later it came back on while i am driving. I will be calling the dealership to see what can be checked.

Vehicle Malfunction Report What component or system failed or malfunctioned, and is it available for inspection upon request? The vehicle's transmission and/or gear shifter system has failed to function as intended. When the gear shifter is set to "Reverse," the transmission has repeatedly shifted into "Drive" or "Neutral" instead. Concurrently, the vehicle's electronic backup camera system and audible sensor beep activate, indicating that the vehicle believes it is in reverse. The van is available for inspection upon request. How was your safety or the safety of others put at risk? My safety and the safety of others were put at risk on multiple occasions due to the vehicle shifting into the wrong gear. This has caused the van to unexpectedly lurch forward when I intended to back up. I have nearly collided with other parked vehicles and my garage door between 10 to 20 times. Has the problem been reproduced or confirmed by a dealer or independent service center? The problem has not yet been reproduced or confirmed by a dealer or service center, but it has occurred on numerous occasions and is a confirmed issue by the driver. Has the vehicle or component been inspected by the manufacturer, police, insurance representatives or others? To date, the vehicle and its components have not been inspected by the manufacturer, police, or insurance representatives. Were there any warning lamps, messages or other symptoms of the problem prior to the failure, and when did they first appear? There were no warning lamps or messages displayed prior to the problem occurring. The primary symptoms of the malfunction are the vehicle shifting into "Drive" or "Neutral" instead of "Reverse," while the backup camera and an audible beep are active. These symptoms began almost immediately after the vehicle was purchased.

The main screen dashboard suddenly turned off while driving and will not come back. No odometer, turn signal, lane keeping, anything available.

On or around [XXX] the rear occupant sensor warning light came on. We scheduled a service appointment with the dealership for 7/15/25 at 7:00 a.m.. We were informed later that morning that it was a defective module that could affect the air bags and it wasn’t safe to drive the car. It is 7/26/25 and we still wait on the part. Yesterday we were told by the service department that they didn’t know when the part would be available, it is back ordered due to the number of vehicles with the same issue. While our car waits at the dealership we got an email from Kia Connect giving us a 12 volt battery discharge warning. We don’t know if this is related or not but when looking online we found several people with that same problem as well. Our mechanic agreed that the 12 volt battery should not be discharging that fast due to just not being driven. The car sits at Russ Darrow Kia in Madison WI where parts and other information should be available. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

This is the second time, while I was driving that the car would not want to pick up speed and shuddered. The engine light came on again. And stayed on this time. I brought it back to the Kia dealer. They ran a diagnostic. They first wanted me to pay the cost. It is under the warranty. Now I am waiting for the parts and was told to not drive my car until it gets repaired. No loaner was offered. They said to drive it home and they will contact me.

The car doesn't start after overnight, or after a period of no usage for a certain time. Push button doesn't start the engine, it takes 25-30 attempts to get it started. It keeps happening almost every day.

While I was driving on a highway, my vehicles "check engine" and "batter" lights were illuminated and a warning came across the car screen that said something along the lines of "Battery Management System Failure" and then "Powertrain failure". The car was not able to accelerate by pressing the gas pedal, and the heating/cooling features within the car stopped working. I quickly changed lanes to get to the far left shoulder of the highway, putting other cars at risk of my car that was slowing down to 50mph as I was getting over. When I would press on the gas pedal, nothing would happen. The car did remain on. When the dealership received the car the next morning they conducted what they referred to as a recall, but KIA refers to it as a "Service Action" - SA617 MCU DTC Logic Improvement. This requires a simply software update, which the dealership conducted, and the car was then working just fine, with no issues that I had indicated above. The dealership was Greenway KIA of Rivergate, 1526 Gallatin Rd North, Madison, TN 37115. The warning lights in the car illuminated about 5 seconds before the car was no longer able to accelerate due to the powertrain failure. In talking about the problem with a KIA representative, it was communicated that KIA has looked into this and it didn't pose any serious problems, so they left it as a "Service Action" item, not a recall.

Bought the car after 2 months of owning it and not driving for 3 days car wouldn’t start had to charge the battery Happened again over my kids winter break didn’t drive for 2 weeks and wounds start when I went out in January 7th to star it had to charge the battery

The vehicle's battery drain after turning off and cannot restart. It can cause to stall the vehicle on road. Kia Connect sent "Our backend team has determined that a TSB ELE341 (Network Reset) is needed to refresh your vehicle’s connection to the Kia Connect servers. To resolve this, please contact your preferred official Kia dealership to schedule an appointment and mention TSB ELE341 for the network reset." Took the vehicle to a Kia dealer's service; they reset, but problem remains. I just received from Kia"Dear [XXX] , This is nothing that we can troubleshoot. You will have to wait for your appointment to have them handle the issue. Thank you Sincerely, Kia America INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

One night while driving all lights went out even panel radio too and in a couple of seconds came back to normal..a few weeks after that while driving a loud warning sound came on and the info panel turned Red when I felt a breeze my door was opened by inself

While driving at highway speeds the exterior and interior lighting/electrial system shut down completely. My headlights shut off, as well as all electrical/lighting inside the vehicle for approximately 1 minute before turning back on as if I had turned the car off and restarted it. I have a low tire pressure warning that comes on when the car is started, and it came on again as if my car had just started, while I was still driving. This poses a safety risk to myself and other drivers depending on the headlights for visibility. The incident did not cause my vehicle to stop driving although I did break due to the sudden loss of all electrical components.

Brand new car and the battery is draining. Leaving the vehicle unable to start.

Battery went dead. Been at dealer 2 weeks. They are waiting to hear from Kia but nothing is being done.

The battery has died twice within 3 months. I couldn’t leave my house to collect my kids. The problem has been commented on by a dealership. No.

There seems to be a very common problem of the 2025 Kia Carnival having a battery drain issue, leaving people stranded. I had a dead battery today with only one month and 300 miles of use. Thousands have had the same experience and have discussed this on various forums.

12V Vehicle battery drained. Unable to start Vehicle.

I'm getting an alert in the car app that says low battery and will not perform any lock/unlock/start, etc features. It says the battery level is under 40%.

I purchased brand new 2025 Kia Carnival SX less than 2 months ago and it is back at the dealership for service for the second time. First time it had an airbag light stay on the dash and the battery kept reading low voltage and would not allow us to use any features on Kia Access app such as remote start and 360 view. The dealership fixed the airbag light but did not find any electrical issues with battery after testing. The car is driven daily and after sitting for approximately 16 hours the car battery is completely dead. Tried to do a quick jump and would not crank over. I am convinced it has a parasitic draw. It is currently at second service center in hopes of a resolution. So far Kia has not been very supportive.

Purchased brand new, went home to put car seats in and that's when we discovered the rear sliding door did not lock. Took the vehicle in on the 7th, took until the 23rd for it to be "fixed". Picked up the vehicle came home and the car now does not lock again. Kia customer care team has been little to no help and it was suppose to be escalated to the Kia escalation team but we have yet to hear from them.

Started about a couple weeks ago. Just bought my car and my battery drained 3 nights in a row. Had to jump start it Found out some fan run, when car is off, hours after it has been parked.

The battery on this car drains despite standard operation. Battery replacements do not work and it must be jumped. Some programming aspect clearly is wrong and drains the battery when not in use. It needs to be fixed asap for safety and to avoid stranding.

After day or two purchasing the car, I started getting notifications at the car battery was low eventually after two weeks it completely died, and I was locked out with no way to enter the car because they no longer provide a manual key in the key fob. Multiple chargers and charging with another car for hours with no luck to get the car back up once I finally did get the car open. Seems like the dealerships themselves are aware of this issue and they have no way of fixing it. They keep playing games and making circles about how they’re escalating they’re doing they’re doing that and they have not provided me with a loaner.

My bran new 2025 with 3,000 miles has a completely dead battery. The Kia roadside assistance person was unable to jump start it.

Battery inexplicably drains to death. I purchased the vehicle new and, within 5 days, had battery failure. The first sign of the issue is the inability to utilize remote commands via the Kia app, receiving a message that the vehicle's battery is at a low charge of <40%. Without intervention, the battery will then drain to death.

Battery drain which results in vehicle not starting. There have been a series of events that ended in my Carnival not starting. Purchased new on July 6, 2024. Picked up from to Dealership July 8, 2024 and drove home. The below events started Aug 2, 2024 1. Side mirrors didn’t “wake up” when I approached with key fob 2. Truck wouldn’t close (had to manually pull shut) 3. Received app notification when attempting to lock doors through app that battery was less than 40% 4. Received dashboard warning when attempting to start 5. Lights remained on for a few seconds after attempting to start 6. Vehicle wouldn’t start 7. Turn signal - Action required via app 8. Towed to Dealership 8/5/2025 a vehicle would not start

Battery randomly died in the car overnight

Brand New 2025 KIA Carnival SX model - experiencing major electrical failure within the first month (around 800 miles). There's a battery negative draw issue, and the car battery will die completely within 3 days, if not driven. Had to jump-start the car 4 times within the first month. One of the incidents had me stuck right in the middle of the road - When the battery is low, turning on the AC will result electrical system flickering, and then shutting the car down entirely. The dealership acknowledges the issue but stated no solution has been found yet.

I've owned my new car for less than two weeks and already my car has a dead battery. I did not leave any lights on or doors opened.

As noted my many drivers in the Kia forum, I bought a 2025 Kia Carnival SX prestige only have a dead battery 2 week into ownership.

Battery drain and dead battery when parked overnight.

Vehicle sat in my garage in for 2 days and when I went to go drive, I found the vehicle was dead and had to be jumped. The vehicle currently has 370 miles on it and when I started the vehicle, it returned an error stating that the electrical system drained the battery.

Battery died after owning the car for 4 days. Kia service could not determine a cause. Parasitic drain of the battery caused car to be dead.

New 2025 Carnival SXP that has been taken back to the dealer on 2 separate occasions in the first 2 weeks of owning the vehicle. The battery has died 4 times with no obvious reason for the parasitic draw. The dealer recharged the battery once but the issue again come back just a few days later. After the second trip to the dealer, they replaced the battery, but are unable to find any other reason for the problem to have occurred.

The battery on my new Kia Carnival 2025 SX has repeatedly died within the first few weeks of ownership. There seems to be some issue causing it to drain within 2-3 days. The battery has drained down to 4V and 7V in two of the instances. It does charge back up to full but will resume draining afterward, usually dying in 2-3 days. Kia dealer has replaced the battery but the issue still occurred after and now it is at the dealer for the third time in a month. They confirm the issue but have not been able to identify the cause of the parisitic drain yet.

On July 19, 2024, my 2025 Kia Carnival SXP experienced a significant battery drainage issue, rendering the vehicle inoperable. The cause is currently unknown, but it seems to involve a parasitic electrical draw that drained the battery while the car was parked and turned off. This issue occurred despite no prior warning or indication of battery problems. Compounding the situation, the door locks, including the mechanical lock, were disabled, preventing access to the vehicle. Kia roadside assistance sent a locksmith, who had to jump-start the vehicle to restore operation. After the jump-start, I received warnings that multiple systems were inoperable, including critical safety and driver assistance features such as the integrated braking system, motor-driven power steering, and tire pressure monitoring system. These failures raise serious concerns about the vehicle's reliability and safety, as it became inoperable and inaccessible without warning, potentially leaving drivers and passengers stranded in dangerous situations.

After a week of owning the car the battery died over night. Was jumped by roadside and died later that day and jumped again. After the 2nd jump, the AC and air bags didn’t work. Then the check engine light came on. Kia has had my brand new carnival since July 26 with no fix.

Vehicle was purchased 7/31. Due to seeing others reporting battery drain, I began testing battery charge. I can report that my vehicle is also affected. Voltage drops significantly after just 12 hours of sitting. There’s a parasitic draw somewhere in the vehicle that is killing the batteries in EX, SX, and SX Prestige trims. I’ve purchased a jump box and I now hook it up to a battery tender every night. So far, this has prevented a dead battery, but this shouldn’t have to be done with a vehicle that isn’t yet a month old.

battery constantly dead. If the vehicle is locked, can't unlock, even with provided manual key. Dies on the highway creating dangerous conditions.

The first sign of the parasitic battery drainage is typically a warning in the Kia Access app that says the vehicle's 12v battery levels have dropped below 40% and remote functions are halted. The app will not inform you of this issue. It's only when you try to use remote functions will you find out. The more direct way of knowing about the issue is obviously discovering a dead battery which will have to be jump started. For me, this happened around 400 miles after purchasing the vehicle brand new. The vehicle is now at the dealership for servicing.

Battery died without warning. Took 30 minutes to jump start. Nothing was left on, no warnings prior. Took it to the dealership the next day. They ran some tests. Everything appeared fine with the battery.

Parasitic battery drain leaves car dead and unusable no matter how many jumps/replacement batteries. It happens overnight. This is WIDESPREAD - there are entire Facebook and Reddit groups with thousands of people with the issue. We need to have a fix so we can drive our cars. Driving it home from the dealership just to have it jumped or towed back to Kia and have it sit for weeks without a solution is UNACCEPTABLE. $60k for a car we can’t drive. Absolutely insane. It’s so unsafe to have a family vehicle - a minivan - have dead batteries with no warning on brand new cars. There were less than 75 miles on my car when it first happened. I had made one trip home from the dealership and one trip to the grocery store. This problem is affecting EVERYONE and Kia is about to be out of service techs and out of loaner cars with everyone in the shop until this is sorted out. Unbelievable. This is going to lead to thousands of new 2025 carnival owners going through lemon law to get cars replaced.

At around 200 miles, I could no longer gain access to my vehicle via via both keys and the Kia app. My vehicle has been sitting at the dealership for 20 days without a resolution and little communication from Kia

Our 2025 SX Prestiege was purchased on a Saturday afternoon and by the following Tuesday morning we had a low battery alert (below 40%). Our local Kia dealers are of no help as this appears to be a common issue that is related to something they are unable to diagnose. I have been placing my battery on a charger every night so we can still use the vehicle but every day the battery is low and requires this charge.

Battery died after 3 days of not driving it.

We bought the car one month ago. 2 weeks ago the battery completely drained. it happened again a few days later. The car is currently at the dealer as they are trying to figure out what is causing the batter to drain when the car is off. Dealer acknowledged its wide spread but Kia does not have a solution yet.

I have a dead brand new car after not driving it for 3 days. And, the dealer is unable to tell me how to get into it because the key fob does not have a physical key in it. This appears to be a slow battery draining issue that is being reported heavily online it appears on Reddit, Facebook and multiple forums related to the 2025 Kia Carnival EX and SXP.

Parasitic battery drain. Battery dead at 244 miles when left in garage for two nights with no explanation of drain.

Battery wouldn’t started several times. Car was purchased within a month and within two weeks started having issues

We have had the car a little under two weeks with no issues. Drove it yesterday and all was good. Went to start it this morning and it was dead. We grabbed the jump starter and it measured at 5.2V to start. It slowly went up but not back to 12V. There is a battery drain somewhere in the system.

Parasitic battery drain. The battery died and required a jump six times in one month and 1k miles.

2 weeks after purchase, battery died with no warning. Nothing was left on in the car. Called roadside assistance who inspected the battery and alternator which are in good health. Roadside assistance said most likely a parasitic draw.

I purchased my 25 Carnival on July 8 and by the third week my battery died overnight. I was able to jumpstart the car but since the incidence, I wake up to a dead battery every morning. A lot of Carnival owners (especially SX and SXP) are experiencing similar parasitic battery drain and dealerships are clueless while KIA has refused to acknowledge the problem exist.

Having battery drain issues. Brand new vehicle with less than 2,000 miles. After locking the car at night, the remote start would not work in the morning because it stated battery under 40%. Vehicle started with key no issues. One week later, after one day of not driving the vehicle, battery would not unlock remotely or start. Battery was at 6.25 volt. Jumped battery and vehicle started no problem. No accessories were left on to cause this.

The battery is completed dead after overnight parking. Had to manually open the door from the key and kia roadside assistance was requested to jump start the battery. We kept the car running so that the battery would be charged and drove about 10-15 miles and the battery is dead again the next morning. Did some research and figured out many 2025 Carnival SX prestige owners reported the battery parasitic drain and not been able to identify the cause. None of the lights or doors were open and this was confirmed after the jump start.

Component: Battery Safety concern: Not yet Dealership feedback: Not reported to the dealership yet Inspection: No such inspection happened yet Warning sign: The warning is on the app, currently impacting only convenience (unable to send remote commands via the app), but I am afraid that it will start impacting other areas soon. Description: I brought the car home only 3 days ago. I already had a low battery notification on the app. I am afraid that this will result in a dead battery soon and I will be stuck on the road. Currently I am not able to send remote commands to the car due to the low battery voltage.

This car was purchased new on [XXX]. In the ~30 or so days since purchase, the battery has died on 4 occasions and would not turn over, requiring it to be jump started, and began just 3 days after purchase on [XXX] and as recent as [XXX]. This is my wife's vehicle and she was left stranded with our newborn child on one of these occasions in the 110+ degree Arizona weather. We ensure that everything is off before leaving the vehicle and the problem still persists. This is not an isolated issue, as there are thousands of posts online of others dealing with this exact problem with the 2025 model year Kia Carnival. We are extremely uncomfortable when leaving the house and not knowing whether our brand new vehicle will simply start as expected. However, we have no choice since we traded in our previous vehicle to purchase this car and are forced to risk continued dead battery issues. This is extremely dangerous given the temperatures found in Arizona. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

Battery died within 2 days on purchasing vehicle. Took to the the dealer and they replaced the battery but said to keep key fob away 32 ft at night. I carry around a portable charger with me since so many other people are having this issue if not worse.

Car battery is diyng after less than 48hrs of standby. Have to keep car on trickle charger all the time

Battery is continually draining while vehicle (2025 Kia Carnival SX Prestige) is off due to some unknown electrical system failure. I have owned the vehicle for only 24 days. In that time, I have experienced 4 instances where the battery has drained that has required the vehicle to be jump-started to operate. Upon jump starting the vehicle, several vehicle safety systems (automatic emergency breaking, blind spot warning, forward collision warning, lane departure warning etc) indicate a malfunction evidenced by error messages/lights on the dash. The vehicle is a high risk for leaving me stranded and potentially providing unreliable operation while driving. The vehicle has now been with the dealership for service for 8 consecutive days and a timeline for resolution of this issue has not been established.

The battery was completely dead after just 300 miles. And then it happened again at 450 miles. The car must be jumped and then the battery has to charge again. This is on a 2025 Kia Carnival (brand new).

I purchased my 2025 Kia Carnival SXP on July 10th. Since then, I've encountered significant issues with battery drain and camera errors. I've had to jump-start the car and drive it at least every other day due to these problems. On Monday, July 22nd, I sent my car to the dealer for repairs. Six days later, they informed me it was ready for pick-up. However, when I arrived, I found the car battery had died in the dealership. While they claimed the camera issue was resolved, they admitted they needed to investigate the battery problem further. As of now, my car has been with the dealer for over ten days, which is longer than it has been parked at my house. The battery drain issue is clearly persistent, yet Kia continues to assure owners that the vehicle is fine and denies any widespread problem. Despite over 60 cases being filed internally, Kia Customer Care insists no battery issues exist when contacted. It is unacceptable that a vehicle costing over $50,000 needs to be returned to the dealer within less than ten days and 300 miles of use. Furthermore, there has been no communication from Kia regarding the status of my case, no estimated time for a fix, and my car remains held at the dealership without release. This situation is unacceptable, and I urge the NHTSA to investigate Kia's handling of these battery drain issues.

Brand new 2025 Kia Carnival models are experiencing major electrical failure right off the lot, which is my experience. Kia will not acknowledge the issue but there is parasitic draw issues with the vehicle and mine is rendered unable to drive and dealer service departments won’t accept my vehicle for repair.

Battery is dying repeatedly due to electric system failure. Dealership mechanics suspect a parasitic drain but have not been able to identify the cause. There are many other 2025 Kia Carnival owners reporting the same issue. Our car has been at the dealer multiple times for 17 days (so far) without a cause identified.

07/23/2024 13:48:24 Dealership confirmed battery is fine and did not need to replace it. I'm going to delete the Kia Access app and see if that has any affect on the battery drain. This needs to be fixed ASAP. 07/23/2024 05:25:47 The 2025 Kia Carnival appears to have some parasitic battery drain, leaving vehicles unable to start or use functions/features like remote start, AC and others. This has affected many Carnival owners and no one knows what to do. I know other owners have towed their car to the dealership and they're clueless. It could be the app draining the car's battery, a feature like the climate auto dry... no one knows. It's frustrating to have a new vehicle with constantly dead batteries. There are many posts in the FB group, but I'm probably having issues sharing those links because it's a closed group. [XXX] (Not a solution for me): [XXX] [XXX] [XXX] [XXX] INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)